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    Control of Octopus Arm Extension by a Peripheral Motor Program

    German Sumbre, Yoram Gutfreund, Graziano Fiorito, Tamar Flash, and Binyamin Hochner

    The Science , September 2001, 293 (5536): 1845-1848.

    Control of the octopus arm is especially complex because the arm can be moved in any direction, with a virtually infinite number of degrees of freedom. Ocotpus arm severed from brain can be evoked mechanically or electrically. These extensions show kinematic features that are almost identical to normal behavior, suggesting that the basic motor program for voluntary movement is embedded within the neural circuitry of the arm itself.